A Survey and Classification of Controlled Natural Languages
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created: 2026-06-30T15:12:45.000+02:00
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license: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
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introduces: A Survey and Classification of Controlled Natural Languages

A Survey and Classification of Controlled Natural Languages
abstract: What is here called controlled natural language (CNL) has traditionally been given many different names. Especially during the last four decades, a wide variety of such languages have been designed. They are applied to improve communication among humans, to improve translation, or to provide natural and intuitive representations for formal notations. Despite the apparent differences, it seems sensible to put all these languages under the same umbrella. To bring order to the variety of languages, a general classification scheme is presented here. A comprehensive survey of existing English-based CNLs is given, listing and describing 100 languages from 1930 until today. Classification of these languages reveals that they form a single scattered cloud filling the conceptual space between natural languages such as English on the one end and formal languages such as propositional logic on the other. The goal of this article is to provide a common terminology and a common model for CNL, to contribute to the understanding of their general nature, to provide a starting point for researchers interested in the area, and to help developers to make design decisions.
date: 2014-03
is part of: Computational Linguistics
author list: author-list
type: Article

Tobias Kuhn
affiliation: University of Zurich, Switzerland
affiliation: ETH Zurich, Switzerland

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signed by: Tobias Kuhn
signed by: DOI-bot