https://w3id.org/np/RABhNrscyGRnwBoO6_GJVP3yo-pwI2-X929j7skitTmvw/Head https://w3id.org/np/RABhNrscyGRnwBoO6_GJVP3yo-pwI2-X929j7skitTmvw http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RABhNrscyGRnwBoO6_GJVP3yo-pwI2-X929j7skitTmvw/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RABhNrscyGRnwBoO6_GJVP3yo-pwI2-X929j7skitTmvw http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RABhNrscyGRnwBoO6_GJVP3yo-pwI2-X929j7skitTmvw/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RABhNrscyGRnwBoO6_GJVP3yo-pwI2-X929j7skitTmvw http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RABhNrscyGRnwBoO6_GJVP3yo-pwI2-X929j7skitTmvw/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RABhNrscyGRnwBoO6_GJVP3yo-pwI2-X929j7skitTmvw http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RABhNrscyGRnwBoO6_GJVP3yo-pwI2-X929j7skitTmvw/assertion http://eurovoc.europa.eu/2919 http://schema.org/description http://eurovoc.europa.eu/2919 http://schema.org/name Environmental research http://eurovoc.europa.eu/2919 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://schema.org/DefinedTerm https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380802238137 http://schema.org/author mailto:eg.guardia@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380802238137 http://schema.org/contentUrl https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380802238137 https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380802238137 http://schema.org/creator mailto:eg.guardia@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380802238137 http://schema.org/dateCreated 2026-03-24 07:14:19.380860+00:00 https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380802238137 http://schema.org/dateModified 2026-03-24 07:14:20.399545+00:00 https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380802238137 http://schema.org/description This paper reviews the European summer heat wave of 2003, with special emphasis on the first half of August 2003, jointly with its significant societal and environmental impact across Western and Central Europe. We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. We show that the anticyclonic pattern corresponds more to an anomalous northern displacement of the North Atlantic subtropical high than a canonical blocking structure, and that soil moisture deficit was a key factor to reach unprecedented temperature anomalies. There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. There are methodological limitations to evaluate excess mortality due to excessive temperatures; however, the different studies available in the literature allow us to estimate that around 40,000 deaths were registered in Europe during the heat wave, mostly elderly persons. Despite previous efforts undertaken by a few cities to implement warning systems, this dramatic episode has highlighted the widespread un-preparedness of most civil and health authorities to cope with such large events. Therefore, the implementation of early warning systems in most European cities to mitigate the impact of extreme heat is the main consequence to diminish the impact of future similar events. 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We show the pattern of record-breaking temperature anomalies, discuss it in the context of the past, and address the role of the main contributing factors responsible for the occurrence and persistence of this event: blocking episodes, soil moisture deficit, and sea surface temperatures. We show that the anticyclonic pattern corresponds more to an anomalous northern displacement of the North Atlantic subtropical high than a canonical blocking structure, and that soil moisture deficit was a key factor to reach unprecedented temperature anomalies. There are indications that the anomalous Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have contributed to the heat wave of 2003, whereas the role of SST anomalies in other oceanic regions is still under debate. There are methodological limitations to evaluate excess mortality due to excessive temperatures; however, the different studies available in the literature allow us to estimate that around 40,000 deaths were registered in Europe during the heat wave, mostly elderly persons. Despite previous efforts undertaken by a few cities to implement warning systems, this dramatic episode has highlighted the widespread un-preparedness of most civil and health authorities to cope with such large events. Therefore, the implementation of early warning systems in most European cities to mitigate the impact of extreme heat is the main consequence to diminish the impact of future similar events. 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