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This discussion paper provides an overview of the field of combined effects in aquatic ecotoxicology and addresses some of the major challenges related to assessment of combined effects in connection with environmental risk assessment (ERA) and regulation. Potentials and obstacles related to different experimental, modelling and predictive ERA approaches are described. On-going ERA guideline and manual developments in Europe aiming to incorporate combined effects of contaminants, the use of different experimental approaches for providing combined effect data, the involvement of biomarkers to characterize Mode of Action and toxicity pathways and efforts to identify relevant risk scenarios related to combined effects are discussed. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved." . "application/ld+json" . "2014-05-01" . "https://w3id.org/ro-id/c7dad035-0018-4c36-be3a-611d222b6126" . . "Environmental risk assessment of combined effects in aquatic ecotoxicology: A discussion paper" . 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