. . . . "" . "Environmental research" . . . "https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab465f" . . "2026-03-24 00:22:55.319849+00:00" . "2026-03-24 00:22:56.412088+00:00" . "Abstract\n Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T\n max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T\n max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T\n max, and around 17% for T\n min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T\n max and T\n min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone)." . . "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon" . "2026-03-24 00:22:55.319849+00:00" . . . . . . "0"^^ . "https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/19b58956-ef0d-4777-af80-cffc3d1467f5/crate/download/" . . "2026-03-24 00:22:53.709226+00:00" . "2026-03-25 14:45:41.263600+00:00" . "2026-03-24 00:22:53.709226+00:00" . "Abstract\n Attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global greenhouse gas and land-use changes on temperature extremes in urban areas is a complex and critical issue in the context of regional-to-local climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here, an innovative modelling framework based on a large ensemble of urban climate simulations, using SURFEX (a land-surface model) coupled to TEB (an urban canopy model), forced by E20C (a GCM-based reanalysis), is proposed, and applied to the capital of Portugal—Lisbon. This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference. The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties. The sensitivity was systematically investigated and robustly demonstrated here, with built-fraction (buildings + roads), albedo and emissivity emerging as key surface parameters. The results revealed a very strong summer temperature increase between 1951–1980 and 1981–2010 periods: 0.90 °C for daily maximum temperature (T\n max), and 0.76 °C for daily minimum temperature (T\n max). These changes were sensitive to considering different (but constant throughout the simulation) land-uses, varying by about 10% for T\n max, and around 17% for T\n min. Regarding the temperature extremes (quantified by extreme hot days, EHD, and extreme hot nights, EHN, respectively defined as exceeding the 95th-percentile of T\n max and T\n min) the changes and their dependencies with the land-use are much more drastic. The isolated effect of changing land-use (keeping the climate forcing unchanged) from rural/natural (low built-fraction) towards dense urbanization (high built-fraction) caused a significant increase in EHN (up to ∼+130 d per 30 years, larger than the effect due to climate forcing alone), and in EHD (∼+60 d per 30 years, which is similar to the effect due to climate forcing alone)." . "application/ld+json" . . "https://w3id.org/ro-id/19b58956-ef0d-4777-af80-cffc3d1467f5" . . "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon" . "MANUAL" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Gonzalez, Esteban. \"A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon.\" ROHub. Mar 24 ,2026. https://w3id.org/ro-id/19b58956-ef0d-4777-af80-cffc3d1467f5." . . . . "Engineering (General)" . . "Portugal" . . . . "Climate-ADAPT Adaptation Sectors" . . . "land-use" . . "23.931623931623932" . "8.4" . "Environmental Sciences" . . "land-use" . . "14.338235294117649" . "11.7" . "land-use property" . . "27.24014336917563" . "7.6" . "Mathematical Sciences" . . "Chemistry" . . "Science and technology/Natural science/Chemistry" . "Physical Sciences" . . "disentanglement of the effect" . . "21.505376344086024" . "6.0" . "Lisbon" . . "10.784313725490199" . "8.8" . "Mathematical Physics" . . "Stakeholders" . . . "Other Physical Sciences" . . "mean temperature" . . "11.151960784313726" . "9.1" . "between 1951-1980" . . "Climatology" . . "Extreme heat" . . "sensitivity" . . "13.960113960113961" . "4.9" . "Lisbon" . . . . "result" . . "6.61764705882353" . "5.4" . "extrication" . . "6.25" . "5.1" . "This approach allowed to disentangle the main drivers of change of extreme temperatures in Lisbon, while also improving the simulated summer temperature variability compared to E20C, using station observations as reference." . . "27.01525054466231" . "12.4" . "Statistics" . . "Geosciences (General)" . . "Engineering" . . "fraction" . . "6.004901960784315" . "4.9" . "Atmospheric Sciences" . . "climate" . . "5.759803921568627" . "4.7" . "emissivity" . . "5.637254901960784" . "4.6" . "The improvements were physically linked to the strong sensitivity of summer mean and extreme temperatures to local land-use properties." . . "40.087145969498906" . "18.4" . "Physical and Technological" . . "Academia/ Research Institutions" . . "Weather" . . "Weather" . "Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation" . . "none" . . "temperature extreme" . . "11.965811965811966" . "4.2" . "physics" . . "30.573248407643312" . "4.8" . "Geographical Scope" . . . "meteorology" . . "69.4267515923567" . "10.9" . "User Needs (RAST)" . . . "Funding" . . . "Meteorology and climatology" . . "per 30 years" . . "dependent territory" . . "6.25" . "5.1" . "mean temperature" . . "18.233618233618234" . "6.4" . "summer" . . "Lisbon" . . "18.233618233618234" . "6.4" . "Environmental Science and Management" . . "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon Abstract" . . "32.89760348583878" . "15.1" . "Geosciences" . . "City in Portugal" . . "E20C" . . "13.675213675213675" . "4.8" . "Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics" . . "Key Type Measures" . . . "Knowledge Sector (EEA)" . . . "Earth Sciences" . . "Academic/ Institutional" . . "Climate change" . . "Environment/Climate change" . "E20C" . . "Policy Scale" . . . "Preparing the ground" . . "Lisbon abstract" . . "13.261648745519715" . "3.7" . "Methodology" . . . "IPCC" . . . "1981-2010 periods" . . "maximum" . . "5.514705882352941" . "4.5" . "of summer" . . "Climate Hazard" . . . "T max" . . "16.845878136200717" . "4.7" . "Structural/physical: Ecosystem-based" . . "Housing and urban planning policy" . . "Politics/Government policy/Interior policy/Housing and urban planning policy" . "No policy or regulation" . . "summer mean temperature" . . "21.14695340501792" . "5.9" . "sensitivity" . . "8.333333333333334" . "6.8" . "temperature" . . "13.357843137254903" . "10.9" . "Esteban Gonzalez" . . . "2026-05-12T12:56:48.892+02:00"^^ . . . . . "A surface modelling approach for attribution and disentanglement of the effects of global warming from urbanization in temperature extremes: application to Lisbon" . "RSA" . 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